THE DOMES OF THE PANTHEON AND OF SAINT PERE.
COLLATGE HYPERTEXTUAL ABOUT THE DOMES OF ST. PERE I THE PANTHEON.
Some weeks ago I found a text written by a teacher of university which was spoken in about two historical domes of reference: that of the Pantheon of Agripa and that of the basilica of St. Pere in the Vatican. The literary text was beautiful, how I put away constancy through a comment; however it was filled with errors. We can not doubt that, interlines, the author has knowledge of what speaks in it. Nevertheless, a lot more knows about the one that he shows; it was necessary, however, to read it for dejack. He surprises, however, the Manichean approach of the writing. Good and bad. He remembers the avalanche of mediatised information that arrives for us, without the most minimum act of criticism. Eighteen comments put away and ... can to presuppose that hundreds of readings.
This is the net of Internet and their lack of criticism. The information overwhelming put away and not contrasted.
The dialectic approach, sketched, among an anonymous executor of the dome of the pantheon -the bond- and that of St. Pere designed by Miquelàngel -the bad person- established the battlefield for the "querelle of Allemand" which he wanted to blister. Everything, one little show-off it is worth to suggest.
The report PISA speaks about a population segment, however, and the senior? it seems that we are not much better, especially, if who imparts "doctrine" from high of a stage it makes such a free bordering relationships. How I do not have too much time to make an elaborated note-article; nevertheless, I have prepared, to runs cooked, a kind of collage of ideas, with hypertextual links, that they deny or that the arguments specify, immodestly, exhibited by that teacher. They lack tone warlike, but enlightening. It is a little cumbersome but I believe that it is worthwhile. It is useful us in order to look at that of the what, when and how they look at the historical reality, while basing itself in the immediate reality, a certain class of instructors, that, has projection about the people above in process of (de)formation. It exists the science and the research. And this is never Catalan, Italian, English, etc That Is, it does not have nationality. Universal is from it.
About its text, as a staff, have keeping on including the discrepancies and nuances. The hegemonic role of certain elites, national sayings, dilutes and beats immediately, when the point of view becomes more universal and thoughtful at the same time.
Seeing the ancient reality, with eyes of today, places us in the current debate of the structural calculation that I can synthesize, more or less, like this:
1. The based classical way in the the resistance of materials. Helped with the application of coefficients of improving of burdens and decrease in resistant capacities of the materials.
2. The method is broadened and evolves with the introduction of the plastic calculation from the expert's report of structures metallics. And the assimilation of a state of the structure that makes fig (who becomes an unstable "mechanism") on turning up more kneecaps of those that their stability can accommodate. On to go from the elastic state in|on the plastic some section of the structure this section it happens a kneecap. To find that a structure surpasses of the three kneecaps leaves the useless structure.
3. There is a method of calculation forgotten, in Argentina, and developed by the Catalan engineer Santiago Rubió, in Argentina, from the funicular methodology of Antoni Gaudí. This, somehow, however, never confessed, it has caused the calculation for rods, of a side. See the "funicular Calcul of the ?reinforced concrete". Ed. G.G. Buenos Aires. 1952.
4. The ?matrixing calculation, according to the method of the resistance of materials and the theorems of energy, made possible by the democratization of the new computer tools, of the hand of the method of the finite elements.
and 5. Would dare me to describe a fifth method, turned up in the last quarter of the last century, consistent in the conversion and convergence of the method of plastic calculation of structures metallic transported to the calculation of factory structures (stone, brick, etc) with the historical contributions of the calculation of the funicular and vectorial polygons of ends of XIX and starts of XX. From our point of view all are from application suitably, and more that they will come. The creativity and the talent is based on making the corresponding and suitable selection in each case. Because of that the complaint of the Manicheism made at the beginning.
SYNTHESIS OF ERRORS OF THAT WRITING (IN OUR OPINION):
1. The dome of the temple of the Pantheon has remarkable precedents, like the Domus Àurea de Neró, who already uses the same mechanism of vaulted dome with included central round skylight. Therefore, the Pantheon does not presuppose any "structural revolution". Maybe, if be, in the structural typology, the best known paradigm popularly.
2. The dome of the Pantheon if that suffers cracks in their area during their history, however, how malleable is coated and waterproofed by a material is not it can detect if it is not with a study conscious and ad hoc. As a matter of fact, it was restored for A. Terenzio for years 1934 and it reduces documentation, in purpose and effect, to show the evidence sense upset.
3. The existence, besides other successful domes interval, as, Santa Sofia de Constantinoble and that of the Duomo de Brunelleschi in Floréncia that they help to understanding the evolution and if of interval between two studied, they mark, structurally a moment of mechanical and typological evolution. Always from the basis of the iterative method of test-error. .
4. The vicissitudes of a construction, of any, are abundant and several in the time. Bernini coped two belfries that would be demolished at the end of the 19th century. The late baroque Romans said the orecchie of asino until XIX. Therefore, this same intervention provokes that, the mechanical structure, there had of "searching" one new, of stability, in each change. Changed, the building, crowd sometimes fate and function. And how not?; decorations, coating of covers, etc. With which, the state of burdens had to adapt to it.
5. As the former point, it is necessary to remark that if the pantheon modified use, etc, function; the construction of the basilica of St. Pere was still quite a lot of more tumultuous one. How I will explain more down. Each architect who appears has to resume what the previous have constructed. Bramante, Serlio, Rafael, Carlo Maderno, Miquelàngel, until della Porta and his Fountain assistant. And in many cases demolishing part of the constructed work of the former one was also necessary. Miquelàngel took the order at sixty years, and seeing that he would not finish it made a scale model of wood that served as model for the back executors. The worked out of the scale model it is the fruit of years of study strength, comparisons to other deeds, in a basic way with that of their natal Florence. An intervention of unification and retrieval of the bramantia model, besides a research of the problem of the scale (relative size) that "escaped" to him by lack of to lack of referents, was, their. Even though it was conscious and to guess it.
6. Della Porta and Fountain are the executor architects who make the definite construction. That really they subverted; everything overraising and that he left, as definite, Miquelàngel modifying the profile of the dome. Subverting the model, but not the concept how I will see him demonstrate. Therefore, Miquelàngel not even constructed, nor built, Sant Pere del Vaticà, not even it could create the constructive methodology that it was implemented.
7. One of the problems to solve it was that of the stair of the building (relative size) that Galileu Galilei had sketched on declaring his Dialogi of Two Nove Sciencie. Among them, the beginning of the Resistance of materials. I include a simple explanation that allows to find out it, with included photo, there. A prism To settled on a terrain he generates three times less pressure on the terrain than one of 3 times bigger B with the same form. This, which is obvious, is not linear either. And here he scrapes the difficulty that they guessed.
8. "THAT ONE WHO BRANDS, MISSES HIM" or WHERE THERE IS IRON, THERE IS I WANDER that they said our ancestral sayings. Della Porta and Fountain included chains of iron there, already, at the end of the 16th century in order to absorb the horizontal efforts from "half an orange" down -until the basis- of the membrane about the drum. As a matter of fact, few years after finishing it, already, there were evident cracks and exaggerated yawns in the vaticana dome.
9. G. Poleni was a mathematician venetià to whom a report was entrusted about the cracks of the dome of saint Pere. Memorie della Gran Cupola of the Tempio Vaticano. 1748. In these he gave the solution that they were normal and they did not make run any immediate danger of ensolsida -according to the geometry and structure of the membrane- and he took out importance of their existence. With his study the dome was intervened. End this, in that the writing -he says that he was not like this. Poleni if that he gave the instructions to patch up the cracks of the vaticana dome. They fixed 5 6 cm. squares and they patched up two antique that had gotten rusty for the step of the time and the environmental deprotection there added by della Porta and Fountain. .
10. The existence of osculation and/or lantern is indifferent in the coronation for the purpose of the funicular and vectorial polygons. As a matter of fact, the additions in the voussoir on the Pantheon it is born, precisely, because there were yawns. Contrarily to the one that defends the author of the article.
11. Conclusions: From the first approaches of Galilei, passing through Hooke, Newton, until our days in that an alternative double is brought up: of a side the use of the computers for the calculation through the method of elements finite, based on the resistance of materials and the stretch of elastic basis, until the shifting of the plastic calculation of structures of steel in structures of factory of stone, brick, etc with regard to the three equations of equilibrium and the theorem of certainty, in the stretch plastic in burden of collapse, there is a length way. And not because of that we will not couple to each case that that more entity interested, depending on the circumstances. Neither good nor bad. The case from case. But dialectically and criticism. The world is so complex than the approach binary, of the kind that been, they are certainly impoverished.
I have improvised THREE Pdf in FILES in which each idea is developed, with photos, diagrams, tables, etc abundantly.